A Paradox of Gender Differences in ICT Self-Efficacy: A Comparative Study of 49 Countries

Using the individual-level data of 15-year-old students from 49 countries that participated in PISA 2022, combined with country-level data of Gender Inequality Index, we show that gender differences in ICT (Information and Communication Technology) self-efficacy favoring boys over girls are larger, not smaller, in countries with lower levels of overall gender inequality (in health, empowerment, and labor market).